Finance & Accounts Job Knowledge

Provident Fund Act
Applicability of PF Act	PF Act applies to factories and other notified establishments employing 20 or more persons. Once an establishment is covered, its departments and branches, wherever they are, are covered. Once establishment is covered, it continues to get covered even if employment goes below 20.
Schemes under PF Act	Employees Provident Fund, Employees’ Pension Scheme and Employees’ Deposit-Linked Insurance Scheme [EDLI] are the three schemes covered.
Partial or full exemption	Exemption can be granted to certain establishments or employees
Contribution to Provident Fund	Contributions to Fund are made by employers and employees. The fund is administered by Central Board of Trustees
Contribution equal to 125/10% of pay by employer as well as employee	Both employer and employee contribute @ 12% of ‘pay’ to Provident Fund (in some establishments like any establishment employing less than 20 persons, sick units, Jute industry, Beedi industry, Brick industry, Coir industry other than the spinning sector, Guar gum factories., contribution is 10%).
Part of Employer’s contribution to FPF	8.33% contribution of employer goes to Family Pension Fund. Balance is credited to Employee’s PF account. Entire contribution of employee is credited to his PF account. Interest is paid on this amount. Since last 4 years, interest is 8.5%.
Employees required to join the Fund	Employee whose pay is less than Rs 6,500 per month is covered under the Act. ‘Pay’ includes basic wages, dearness allowance, retaining allowance and cash value of food concession.
Contribution limited to salary of Rs 6,500 p.m, but higher contribution permissible.	If an employee is member, he continues to be a member even if his ‘pay’ becomes more than Rs 6,500. Employer is liable to pay contribution only on salary of Rs 6,500, though employer can voluntarily contribute more (as extra employee benefit). Employee can voluntarily pay contribution on pay above Rs 6,500
Employee to become member immediately on joining	An employee becomes member of PF immediately after joining an establishment to which PF Act applies. However, he should be ‘employee’. Mere casual engagement is not ‘employment’.
Person employed through contractor covered but not apprentice	Persons employed through contractor are also covered, but apprentices under Apprentices Act are not covered
Administration charges for PF	In addition to PF contribution, the employer also has to pay administration charges at prescribed rates. Presently, it is 1.10% of wages. In case of exempted establishments, the employer has to pay 0.18% of wages / salary as inspection charges.
Contribution to be paid within 15 days	Contribution and administration charges are to be paid within 15 days from close of month. If employer delays payment, damages (interest) can be recovered from him.
Submission of details of employees joining and leaving	When a new employee joins, Employee’s details are to be submitted in form No. 5 to PF Commissioner within 15 days from close of the month in which the employee joins, along with declaration in form 2 given by employee. If an employee leaves, form No. 10 is to be filed.
Monthly return of contribution	Employer has to file a monthly contribution statement (abstract) in form 12A, within 25 days of close of month, along with copy of receipted challans regarding payment of contribution. Employer has submit only abstract every month in the prescribed form.
Annual Contribution Statement of PF	Employer has to submit consolidated Annual Contribution Statement of PF in form 6A for March paid in April to February paid in March of current year, along with contribution card of each employee for same period in form 3A by 30th April.
Withdrawal of Provident Fund by Employee	A member of provident fund gets the fund with interest at the time of retirement. Early withdrawal for housing, marriage, illness etc. is permissible
Pension under EPF scheme	Member is entitled to get pension after retirement after completion of 58 years of age. The pension depends on service of number of years and his average salary of last 12 months. No pension is available for less than ten years service. Only contribution is returned with slightly reduced interest.
EDLI	Employees Deposit Linked Insurance Scheme is to provide life insurance benefits to employees who are already covered under PF. Employer is required to pay contribution of 0.5%. Employer is also required to pay administration charges @ 0.1% of total wages.
PF for international workers	There is PF and EPF scheme for international workers.
Payment of Bonus Act
Reward for hard work and share of profit	Bonus is a reward for hard work or share of profit of the unit where employee is working [practically, it is not so]
Applicability of Act	The Act applies to factory employing 10 or more persons where processing is carried out with aid of power and other establishment established for purpose of profits employing 20 or more persons
Employees eligible for Bonus	Employee whose salary and wages are upto Rs 10,000 per month and who has worked for at least 30 days in a year is entitled to get bonus
Salary for calculating bonus	Salary above Rs 3,500 per month is not considered for purpose of bonus.
Quantum of bonus	Quantum of bonus is ‘allocable surplus’, which is equal to 60% of ‘available surplus’. ‘Available surplus’ is equal to gross profit less prior charges allowable as deduction plus amount equal to income tax on bonus portion.
Minimum and maximum bonus	Minimum bonus is 8.33% and maximum is 20%. Provisions of set off and set on are made to take care of shortfalls and excess in ‘allocable surplus’.
Time limit for payment	Bonus should be paid within eight months from close of accounting year
Bonus based on productivity	Alternate mode of payment of bonus based on productivity is permissible
Audited accounts for bonus	Audited accounts of employer cannot be challenged before Arbitrator or Tribunal, but clarifications can be asked
Employees State Insurance Act (ESI)
Applicability to factories and shops	ESI Act applies to factories. It can be made applicable to shops also. The Act is administered by Employees State Insurance Corporation [ESIC].
Meaning of ‘factory’ for ESI Coverage	The ‘Factory’ means any premises where manufacturing process is carried out and persons employed are at least 10 (Till 1-6-2010, if factory was not using power, the limit was 20. Now that distinction has been abolished). Once a factory or establishment is covered, it continues to be covered even if number of employees reduce.
Employee covered under ESI	Employees drawing wages upto Rs. 15,000 per month are presently covered under the ESI scheme [The limit was Rs 10,000 upto 30-4-2010, Rs 7,500 upto 30-9-2006 and Rs 6,500 p.m. upto 31-3-2003]. Employees include * persons employed through contractor * Apprentices other than those covered under ‘Apprentices Act’ * Persons employed in administration office, department or branch for purchase or sale of products. * Casual workers engaged in work incidental to or connected with work of factory or establishment * Employees working at head office when factory is located at different place * Canteen staff, watch and ward staff are employees * Staff in hospital attached to factory are employees (Apprentices appointed under standing orders will also get covered w.e.f. 1-6-2010)
Employer’s and Employee’s contribution to ESI	The employee’s contribution is 1.75% of wages, rounded to next higher rupee. Employer’s contribution is 4.75% of wages payable to each employee, rounded off to next higher rupee. The contribution has to be paid within 21 days from close of the month. If the contribution is not paid in time, interest @ 12% is payable.
Wages for purpose of ESI	‘Wages’ means all remuneration paid or payable in cash to employee according to terms of contract of employment and includes any payment made to an employee in respect of period of authorised leave, lock-out, lay-off, strike which is not illegal and other additional remuneration paid at interval not exceeding two months. It does not include * contribution paid by employer to any pension fund or provident fund * Travelling allowance * Reimbursement of expenses made by nature of employment of the employee * gratuity. Thus, wages include basic pay, dearness allowance, city compensatory allowance, payment of day of rest, overtime wages, house rent allowance, incentive allowance, attendance bonus, meal allowance and incentive bonus.
Contribution period and benefit period	Contribution period is (a) 1st October to 31st March - corresponding benefit period is following 1st July to 31st December (b) 1st April to 30th September - corresponding benefit period is following 1st January to 30th June. Thus, ‘benefit period’ starts three months after the ‘contribution period’ is over. The relevance of this definition is that sickness benefit and maternity benefit is available only during ‘benefit period’. However, other benefits e.g. medical benefit, disablement benefit, dependant’s benefit and funeral expenses are available during contribution period also.
Unemployment benefit under ESI	Unemployment Benefit scheme known as ‘Rajiv Gandhi Shramik Kalyan Yojana’ is introduced. Under the scheme, an insured person going out of insured employment involuntarily on account of closure of a factory or establishment, retrenchment or permanent invalidity arising out of non-employment is entitled to get unemployment allowance for a maximum period of 12 months in his entire period of service. Spell of unemployment shall not be less than one month. Employees who have completed three years of insurable employment are eligible under the scheme.
Report to ESIC by employer when employee joins	When an employee joins, his declaration in Form I has to be obtained. The declaration should be submitted within 10 days to ESIC office. Temporary Identification certificate is also to be issued. Employer has to maintain register of all employees in form 6. Employee and his family members should obtain ‘Smart card’ identity from ESIC which will enable them to get ESI benefit anywhere in India.
Return of contribution to ESIC	Return of Contribution of employees (employed through Principal as well as Immediate Employer) shall be submitted in form 5. The return is to be certified by Chartered Accountant if the number of employees are 40 or more. If number of employees are less than 40, self declaration is to be made by employer regarding maintenance of records and registers, submission of declaration forms, distribution of TIC/PIC received/distributed to employees engaged directly or through immediate employer and wages paid. Due dates are 12th May and 11th November.
Annual declaration to ESIC	Every employer has to submit annual declaration by 31st January in form 01(A)
Payment of Gratuity Act
Applicability of Gratuity Act	The Payment of Gratuity Act applies to every factory, mine, oilfield, plantation, port. The Act also applies to every ‘shop and establishment’ where 10 or more persons are employed or were employed on any day in preceding 12 months. Once the Act becomes applicable to any shop or establishment, the Act will continue to be applicable even if later number of employees falls below ten [section 1(3A) of Payment of Gratuity Act]
Employees covered under Gratuity Act	Payment of Gratuity Act is applicable to all employees - workers as well as persons employed in administrative and managerial capacity. The Act is applicable to all employees, irrespective of the salary.
When gratuity is payable	Gratuity is payable to a person on (a) resignation (b) termination on account of death or disablement due to accident or disease (c) retirement (d) death. Normally, gratuity is payable only after an employee leaves after completing five years of continuous service. In case of death and disablement, the condition of minimum 5 years’ service is not applicable.
Insurance of gratuity liability not mandatory	Insurance of gratuity liability by employer is optional. It is not compulsory.
Quantum of gratuity	Gratuity is payable @ 15 days wages for every year of completed service in case of regular employees. In the last year of service, if the employee has completed more than 6 months, it will be treated as full year for purpose of gratuity, i.e. 15 days gratuity will be payable. In case of seasonal establishment, gratuity is payable @ 7 days wages for each season.
Wages for calculating gratuity	Wages for gratuity means all emoluments which are earned by an employee while on duty or on leave in accordance with terms and conditions of his employment and which are payable to the employee in cash. It includes dearness allowance. However, allowances like bonus, commission, House Rent allowance (HRA), overtime and other allowances are not to be considered as ‘wages’ for purpose of Payment of Gratuity Act.
Employees getting pay on monthly basis	In case of employees paid on monthly wages basis, fifteen days wages will be calculated by dividing monthly salary by 26 days and multiplying by 15 days. For example, if last drawn salary of a person (basic plus DA) is Rs. 2,600 per month, his salary per day will be Rs. 100 (2,600 divided by 100). Thus, the employee is entitled to get Rs. 1,500 [15 days multiplied by Rs. 100 daily salary] for every year of completed service.
Ceiling of gratuity	Maximum gratuity payable under the Act is Rs 10 lakhs w.e.f. 24-5-2010 [section 4(3) of Payment of Gratuity Act. The limit was Rs 3.50 lakhs upto 24-5-2010]. However, Employer can offer better terms to their employees than those specified under the Act as per any award, agreement or contract. Income tax exemption is available upto Rs 10 lakhs w.e.f. 24-5-2010.
Payment of gratuity within 30 days	Employer is under obligation to pay the gratuity within 30 days from the date it becomes payable. Otherwise, interest @ 15% is payable.
Industrial Disputes Act
Object of IDA	The object of the Industrial Disputes Act is to make provisions for investigation and settlement of industrial disputes. However, it makes other provisions in respect of lay off, retrenchment, closure etc. The purpose is to bring the conflicts between employer and employees to an amicable settlement. [The Act is achieving exactly opposite]. The Act provides machinery for settlement of disputes, if dispute cannot be solved through collective bargaining.
Wide definition of ‘industry’	In Bangalore Water Supply & Sewerage Board v. Rajappa (1978) 2 SCC 213 = 36 FLR 266 = 1978(1) LLN 657 = 1978(2) SCR 213 = 1978(1) LLJ 349 = AIR 1978 SC 548 (SC 7 member bench 5 v 2 judgment), a very wide interpretation to the term 'industry' was given. It was held that profit motive or a desire to generate income is not necessary. Any systematic activity organized by cooperation between employer and employees for the production and/or distribution of goods and services calculated to satisfy human wants and wishes is ‘industry’.
Who is ‘workman’	‘Workman’ means any person (including apprentice) employed in any industry to do any manual, clerical or supervisory work for hire or reward. It includes dismissed, discharged or retrenched person also. However, it does not include (i) Armed Forces i.e. those subject to Air Force Act, Army Act or Navy Act (ii) Police or employees of prison (iii) Employed in mainly managerial or administrative capacity or (iv) person in supervisory capacity drawing wages exceeding Rs 1,600 per month or functions are is mainly of managerial nature.
21 days notice for change in condition of service	Section 9A provides that an employer cannot effect any change in the conditions of service applicable to any workman without giving 21 days notice.
Adjudication of Industrial Disputes	The Industrial Disputes Act provides for ‘Works Committee’ in factories employing 100 or more workers. The committee will consist of equal number of representatives of employer and employees. Representatives of employees will be selected in consultation with Registered Trade Union. The Works Committee will first try to settle disputes. If dispute is not solved, it will be referred to ‘Conciliation Officer’. He is appointed by Government. The matter may also be referred to ‘Board of Conciliation’. He will try to arrive at fair and amicable settlement acceptable to both parties. If he is unable to do so, he will send report to appropriate Government. The Government may then refer the industrial dispute to Board of conciliation, Labour Court or Industrial Tribunal.
Compensation for layoff	A factory employing 50 or more but less than 100 employees on an average per working day can lay off the workmen, who have completed one year of service, by paying compensation equal to 50% of salary (basic plus DA)
Retrenchment	‘Retrenchment’ means discharge of surplus labour or staff by employer. It is not by way of punishment. The retrenchment should be on basis of ‘last in first out’ basis in respect of each category, i.e. junior-most employee in the category (where there is excess) should be retrenched first. If employer wants to re-employ persons, first preference should be given to retrenched workmen.
Protection to employee completing 240 days	Once an employee completes 240 days, he is deemed to be permanent employee under Industrial Disputes Act. He cannot be termed as ‘contingent workman’
Restrictions on large industry in layoff, retrenchment or closure	Large industries employing 100 or more workmen on an average for preceding 12 months cannot lay-off, retrench or close down the undertaking without permission from Government (sections 25M to 25-O of Industrial Disputes Act).
Public Utility	.In case of public utility, employees have to give at least 14 days notice for strike. The notice is valid only if strike commences within 6 weeks. Otherwise, fresh notice is required. - - Similarly, an employer cannot declare lock out without giving 14 days notice.
Disciplinary action against employee	The workman is issued with a ‘Show Cause Notice’ giving details of charges of misconduct against him. He has to give his reply. Then, enquiry into charges is conducted by an ‘Enquiry Officer’ appointed by Management. Such ‘Enquiry Officer’ can be an employee of the company or an outsider. The workman can defend himself before the Enquiry Officer or he can be defended by his co-worker or a Union Representative. The workman is not allowed to engage a lawyer to defend his case. After enquiry, the ‘Enquiry Officer’ has to give his findings and state whether he finds the workman ‘guilty’ or ‘not guilty’. He should give reasons for his views. However, the ‘Enquiry Officer’ should not give his opinion about the punishment that should be imposed on the workman. Copy of the report of Enquiry Officer has to be given to the workman. The workman has right to state his case on the basis of ‘Enquiry Report’ After the reply of workman, the authorised Manager will go through enquiry papers, report of Enquiry Officer and observations/reply of workman on the report of Enquiry Officer. The Authorised Manager will then issue suitable order.
Employees’ Compensation Act
Compensation if injury/death occurs out of and during the course of employment or for occupational disease	Under Employees’ Compensation Act, 1923 (earlier known as Workmen’s Compensation Act upto 18-1-2010), an employee who dies or suffers disablement (partial or total) due to accident is entitled to get compensation from employer, if it is employment injury, i.e. arising out of and during the course of employment. Notional Extension of employment - A workman is entitled to get compensation even beyond working hours or beyond his work place, if there is nexus between the time and place of the accident and the employment of workman. Occupational disease – Employer is liable if a employee contracts any specified occupational disease, while he is in service of employer for at least 6 months. [section 3(2)].
No compensation if employee covered under ESI	Since an employee is entitled to get compensation from ESIC, an employee covered under ESI Act is not entitled to get compensation under Employee’s Compensation Act, as per section 53 of ESIC.
Applicability of Act	Act is applicable to factories, mines, plantations, transport establishments, construction work etc. (who are not covered under ESI Act). In most cases, Act applies even if number of employees are much less than 20.
Coverage of employees	Every employee, including those employed through contractor, but excluding casual employees who is engaged for purpose of employer’s business is eligible. Persons employed outside are also covered. Persons employed in clerical capacity are also included w.e.f. 18-1-2010.
Employment through contractor	Person employed through contractor is also eligible for compensation. Principal employer is liable though he can recover the amount from contractor.
No fault liability	Employer is liable even if the employee was negligent or careless or was at fault.
Computation of liability	Mode of computation of compensation is given in section 4 of the Act. Compensation is payable to employee for total or partial disablement.. No compensation is payable if disablement is upto only three days. Compensation is payable to dependents of employee in case of death. All actual medical expenses for treatment of injury will be reimbursed to employee. If employee dies, funeral expenses upto Rs 5,000 are payable by employer. Interest is payable in case of default.
Compensation only through Commissioner in case of death or total disablement	The compensation must be paid only through the ‘Commissioner of Employee’s Compensation’ in case of death or total disablement. Any lump sum payment to employee under the Act must be made only through Commissioner.

Social Network

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Zurker is a New Social Network Website becoming viral recently, Zurker is from the same twin brothers who claim that Mark Zukerburg steal their idea of Facebook.

Till now social network has been a great way to interact with your friends and family and find new friends but with Zurker everything will going to change before now you will be able to make money (hard cash) with Zurker.

Why Zurker is Better and Different than others ?

Till now Zurker’s idea seems to be brilliant, 

At Zurker, you are a co-owner and an investor. You can earn vShares by referring your friends. The more friends you invite, the more equity you earn. Zurker becomes better, and better, as more people join, increasing in value. As Zurker becomes more valuable, your stake becomes more valuable.

Can Zurker Succeed in Competition with Facebook, Twitter & Google+ and Pinterest ?

For now nothing if fixed but no one have seen future because their is not Time Machine :), But recently if you see the other social network’s growth such as Pinterest which came recently and now it is the 3 most popular Social Network. And this year Facebook and Google + users also increased by 20% so I think Zurker will going to give a hard competition to current social networks.

Biggest difference between Zurker and Facebook ?

There are huge list of differences some are good some bad, but the main difference is that Facebook is owned by a select few investors, whereas Zurker is owned by a large number of members. One of the great things about Zurker is that you can own a stake in it. You can Invite your friends to Zurker after joining! Not only will your experience be more enjoyable, but you will be rewarded in the form of vShares. And users will also get vShares. Zurker vShares become more and more valuable as the number of people using Zurker increases. The more people you refer, the more vShares you own, the more valuable those vShares become, and the more fun using Zurker becomes for you. For now, these don’t count as real shares but when Zurker becomes a publicly traded company it will be counted as real shares.

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What Next, How Can You Join ?

Currently you can join the site only when you get invitation from any other existing user, that is really very good idea to stop fake registrations. I encourage you to get in now & try as it is FREE to join

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Experience and enjoy Zurking...!!